KAWA MULTIMEDIA PUBLICATIONS
Benefits Of Demonstration Of Ranches In Botswana.
• The farmers have benefited from the fattened cattle which fetched them high income.
• The farmers have learnt how to castrate, dehorn, de-worm spray and use simple drugs to spray.
• Infertile land with unreliable rainfall and sparsely populated has been put into proper use.
• Dams, wells, boreholes and piped water have been provided to the farmers.
• Minimised the problem of Cattle death.
• Industries have been set up at Labotse. These have provided employment and raised people’s income.
• There is provision of milk, butter, ghee, beef and other products to the people.
• Provision of revenue to the government of Botswana.
• Provision of foreign exchange to the government through the export of cattle products.
• The ranches have led to the development of proper social infrastructure like roads, schools, railways hospitals and as well as the growth of towns.
8. Refer to question 38
d.(i) The industries likely to develop as a result of pastrolism:-
• Meat packing.
• Processing of diary products.
• Leather and tanning industry.
• Shoe and ghee making industry.
• Fertiliser and button manufacture.
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of the pastrolists with their livestock from one place to another.
In the Fulani lands, there is vertical or altitudinal and latitudinal movements.
Vertical transhumance is practiced in fear of low altitudes where the tsetse flies can be found.
Latitudinal transhumance is practiced following rainfall belts with the apparent movement of the sun hence, the tsetse fly and vegetation belts.
• The farmers have learnt how to castrate, dehorn, de-worm spray and use simple drugs to spray.
• Infertile land with unreliable rainfall and sparsely populated has been put into proper use.
• Dams, wells, boreholes and piped water have been provided to the farmers.
• Minimised the problem of Cattle death.
• Industries have been set up at Labotse. These have provided employment and raised people’s income.
• There is provision of milk, butter, ghee, beef and other products to the people.
• Provision of revenue to the government of Botswana.
• Provision of foreign exchange to the government through the export of cattle products.
• The ranches have led to the development of proper social infrastructure like roads, schools, railways hospitals and as well as the growth of towns.
8. Refer to question 38
d.(i) The industries likely to develop as a result of pastrolism:-
• Meat packing.
• Processing of diary products.
• Leather and tanning industry.
• Shoe and ghee making industry.
• Fertiliser and button manufacture.
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of the pastrolists with their livestock from one place to another.
In the Fulani lands, there is vertical or altitudinal and latitudinal movements.
Vertical transhumance is practiced in fear of low altitudes where the tsetse flies can be found.
Latitudinal transhumance is practiced following rainfall belts with the apparent movement of the sun hence, the tsetse fly and vegetation belts.
Activity
Question 41
Study the map of Botswana provided below and answer the following questions that follow:-
(a)(i) What evidence is on the map to show that Botswana receives very low rainfall?
(ii) What economic activities are at A, B and C?
(iii) In which three ways is this economic activity affected by the rainfall of the area?
b)(i ) Give reasons why the government set up demonstration ranches in Botswana?
(ii) Suggest some reasons why the demonstration ranches were located at Kanye.
(iii) Describe the characteristics of a modern Ranch.
c)(i) In which towns is the meat factory found?
(ii) Name two other minerals.
(iii) Mention three problems Botswana faces in the transportation of her exports.
Possible answers
(a)(I) The evidence that Botswana receives very low rainfall is:-
• The Isohyte 400 mm is an indication of low rainfall.
• The seasonal rivers all over the country.
• The country is located next to the Kalahari Desert.
ii) The economic activity at A is Demonstration ranches, B is Tourism due to game reserves, C is Mining.
iii) Economic activity at A(Ranching) has been affected by the rainfall of the area in the following ways:-
• The area is very dry leading to lack of pasture.
• The area is near the desert, therefore, there is lack of water for animals.
• The seasonal rivers dry up and disorganise the ranching activities.
b)(I) Refer to question 40.
(ii) Why demonstration ranches were established at Kanye.
• The area is free from tsetse flies.
• There is water from the seasonal rivers for the animals.
• Easy transport and communication.
• Availability of local market since the area is near the towns of Gaborone, Phitsame and Malepolole.
• There is high population in the area. Therefore a large number of farmers to be catered for.
c)(i)Meat factories are established at:-
• Locatse, Photsame, Francis town.
• Other minerals are Diamonds, copper and Nickel.
ii) problems faced in transporting her exports:-
• Landlockedness and the long journey to the Coast which is costly.
• They may not be in good political relationship with their neighbours.
• The roads are very poor and they pass through areas which are unproductive.
• The country is also too large to be covered by a clear network of transport and communication.
• There is only one railway line which covers a short distance.
QUESTION 42
(a) Draw a Sketch map of South Africa on it mark the areas where sheep is reared.
b(i) State the advantages the sheep have over cattle.
(ii) Name at least three breeds of sheep kept in South Africa.
(iii) Identify the immediate problems resulting from sheep keeping.
c)(i) Apart from South Africa, name other areas in Africa where sheep is reared.
(ii) Give three factors favouring sheep rearing in the areas named in (I) above.
d) (i) Outline the benefits of Sheep rearing to the people of South Africa.
(ii) State the problems facing Sheep rearing in South Africa.
(iii) Suggest the solutions to the above mentioned problems.
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
Map of S. Africa showing sheep rearing areas.
1. b)(I)Sheep have greater resistance to tsetse fly compared to cattle.
2. Sheep have dual purpose skins. They continue to provide wool for a long time and skins for clothing.
3. Sheep needs less water and can do well in areas with low rainfall also.
4. The Mutton is good and tasty and is preferred by many people.
(ii) Breeds of Sheep are:- Merino Sheep, Afrikander and Karakul.
Immediate problems caused are:-
• Overgrazing of grasslands.
• Excessive soil erosion.
• Shortage of cultivatable land.
• Crop destruction.
(c)(I) OTHER AREAS FOR SHEEP KEEPING:-
Along the North African Coast and the oasis in the Saharan Desert.
The main Countries are Libya, Morocco,
Algeria and Tunisia.
(ii) 1.Presence of large artesian reserves of water.
2.Reasonable amount of rainfall available.
3. Mutton is popular meat to those people.
(d) (I) The benefits are:-
• Provision of good mutton from Afrikander breed.
• Provision of good wool from Merino sheep.
• They provide good skins for clothes.
• There is provision of foreign exchange to the government.
• Sheep rearing has enhanced the people’s income hence high standards of living.
• The government obtains revenue from the taxing of farmers.
• Provision of fat from the tail
• Provision of raw materials for the associated industries.
• Creation of employment to the people who work on farms and industries. This provides them with high income hence better standards of living.
• Development of industries in the area.
Problems are:-
• The problem of fierce wild animals at night.
• The problem of blue flies, worms and other diseases.
• Recurrent spells of drought.
• Inadequate pastures due to large sheep population causing overgrazing.
• Overstocking which leads to overgrazing which in turn leads to soil erosion.
Possible Solutions
• Introduction of drought resistant breeds of Sheep such as Karakol.
• Supplement the food (pasture) with the manufactured animal feeds.
• Improved disease control through spraying dipping and use of chemicals.
• Construction of dams to provide water.
• Reducing Sheep numbers.
• Provide education to the farmers.
QUESTION
2. Study table 1 below showing the annual average number of cattle for selected countries in Africa and answer the questions that follow.
Table 1: Annual average number of cattle in selected countries in Africa (1982-94).
Country Annual average no. of Cattle (‘000s)
Botswana 2,767
Burkina Faso 4,178
Mali 5,432
Mauritania 1,070
Namibia 2,093
Adapted from: World Resources: (1996-97) A Guide to the Global Environment: The Urban Environment; Oxford P.242.
(a)(i) Calculate the percentage of the cattle found in the countries of the Sahel shown in the table.
(ii) Draw a bar graph to show the information on the table.
(iii)Name any: (i) two countries where transhumance is practiced, (ii) one country where cattle ranching is dominant.
(b) Describe the conditions which have led to the practice of either transhumance or ranching in any one country named in (b) above.
(c) Explain the contribution of livestock farming to the economy of any one country shown in the table.
(d) Outline the :
i. problems faced by traditional livestock farmers in any one country in Africa,
ii. measures being taken by government to solve the problems in (e) (I) above.
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
(i) Percentage of cattle in the Sahel, in addition to all the countries is equal to 15,540,000.
In addition for the three Sahel Countries is 10, 680,000.
Therefore the Percentage of cattle in the Sahel region is x100 = 68.7%
(ii) A bar graph showing annual average number of cattle for selected number of countries in africa (1992-1994)
Vertical scale is 1cm reprersernts 1,000,000 cattle
Horizontal scale 1cm : a country
b(i) Two countries where Transhumance is practised are Mali, Mauritania, Bourkinafaso, Chad, Nigeria and Senegal.
(ii) One country where Ranching is dominant is Namibia or Botswana.
c. The conditions which have led to the practice of transhumance
i. Seasonal rainfall or lack of it
ii. Lack of surface water especially in the dry season
iii. Scarcity of pasture in the dry season
iv. Seasonal migration of tsetseflies following rain season
v. Traditional practises of the nomads
vi. Avoiding mixing healthy animals with those which have diseases.
vii. Presence of tradittional land inherited from ancestors.
viii. Sparse population and availability of vast land of 0-10 persons per square kilometre.
OR
Describe the conditions which have led to the practice of ranching in any one country.
RANCHING IN BOTSWANA
i. Government policy
ii. Use of demonstration farms for teaching modern practices of farming.
iii. Improved pastures.
iv. Availability of capital.
v. There is market for cattle products.
vi. Well developed infrastructure.
vii. Large areas which support cattle in paddocks.
viii. There are skilled labourers
ix. There is high developed technology
x. The relief of the area which is of plateau nature is low enough and favours ranching.
e (i) Problems facing traditional Livestock farmers.
i. Overgrazing
ii. Overstocking
iii. Pests
iv. Diseases
v. Poor pasture
vi. Lack of surface water
vii. Land tenure system
viii. Drought
ix. Cattle rustling
x. Culture favour more quantity than quality
xi. Poor breeds
xii. Lack of market
xiii. Lack of capital
xiv. Remoteness to markets
xv. Soil erosion and
xvi. Wild animals.
(ii) Solutions to the problems
i. Cross breeding to improve quality
ii. Provision of water through boreholes
iii. Praying of tsetseflies
iv. Educating people through demonstration farms.
v. Encouraging traditional pastrolists to settle down
vi. Reduce the herds to improve quality
vii. Training of extension workers
viii. Ranching to quality
ix. Setting up of co-operatives for saving and loan provision
x. Development of the infrastructure etc
Study the map of Botswana provided below and answer the following questions that follow:-
(a)(i) What evidence is on the map to show that Botswana receives very low rainfall?
(ii) What economic activities are at A, B and C?
(iii) In which three ways is this economic activity affected by the rainfall of the area?
b)(i ) Give reasons why the government set up demonstration ranches in Botswana?
(ii) Suggest some reasons why the demonstration ranches were located at Kanye.
(iii) Describe the characteristics of a modern Ranch.
c)(i) In which towns is the meat factory found?
(ii) Name two other minerals.
(iii) Mention three problems Botswana faces in the transportation of her exports.
Possible answers
(a)(I) The evidence that Botswana receives very low rainfall is:-
• The Isohyte 400 mm is an indication of low rainfall.
• The seasonal rivers all over the country.
• The country is located next to the Kalahari Desert.
ii) The economic activity at A is Demonstration ranches, B is Tourism due to game reserves, C is Mining.
iii) Economic activity at A(Ranching) has been affected by the rainfall of the area in the following ways:-
• The area is very dry leading to lack of pasture.
• The area is near the desert, therefore, there is lack of water for animals.
• The seasonal rivers dry up and disorganise the ranching activities.
b)(I) Refer to question 40.
(ii) Why demonstration ranches were established at Kanye.
• The area is free from tsetse flies.
• There is water from the seasonal rivers for the animals.
• Easy transport and communication.
• Availability of local market since the area is near the towns of Gaborone, Phitsame and Malepolole.
• There is high population in the area. Therefore a large number of farmers to be catered for.
c)(i)Meat factories are established at:-
• Locatse, Photsame, Francis town.
• Other minerals are Diamonds, copper and Nickel.
ii) problems faced in transporting her exports:-
• Landlockedness and the long journey to the Coast which is costly.
• They may not be in good political relationship with their neighbours.
• The roads are very poor and they pass through areas which are unproductive.
• The country is also too large to be covered by a clear network of transport and communication.
• There is only one railway line which covers a short distance.
QUESTION 42
(a) Draw a Sketch map of South Africa on it mark the areas where sheep is reared.
b(i) State the advantages the sheep have over cattle.
(ii) Name at least three breeds of sheep kept in South Africa.
(iii) Identify the immediate problems resulting from sheep keeping.
c)(i) Apart from South Africa, name other areas in Africa where sheep is reared.
(ii) Give three factors favouring sheep rearing in the areas named in (I) above.
d) (i) Outline the benefits of Sheep rearing to the people of South Africa.
(ii) State the problems facing Sheep rearing in South Africa.
(iii) Suggest the solutions to the above mentioned problems.
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
Map of S. Africa showing sheep rearing areas.
1. b)(I)Sheep have greater resistance to tsetse fly compared to cattle.
2. Sheep have dual purpose skins. They continue to provide wool for a long time and skins for clothing.
3. Sheep needs less water and can do well in areas with low rainfall also.
4. The Mutton is good and tasty and is preferred by many people.
(ii) Breeds of Sheep are:- Merino Sheep, Afrikander and Karakul.
Immediate problems caused are:-
• Overgrazing of grasslands.
• Excessive soil erosion.
• Shortage of cultivatable land.
• Crop destruction.
(c)(I) OTHER AREAS FOR SHEEP KEEPING:-
Along the North African Coast and the oasis in the Saharan Desert.
The main Countries are Libya, Morocco,
Algeria and Tunisia.
(ii) 1.Presence of large artesian reserves of water.
2.Reasonable amount of rainfall available.
3. Mutton is popular meat to those people.
(d) (I) The benefits are:-
• Provision of good mutton from Afrikander breed.
• Provision of good wool from Merino sheep.
• They provide good skins for clothes.
• There is provision of foreign exchange to the government.
• Sheep rearing has enhanced the people’s income hence high standards of living.
• The government obtains revenue from the taxing of farmers.
• Provision of fat from the tail
• Provision of raw materials for the associated industries.
• Creation of employment to the people who work on farms and industries. This provides them with high income hence better standards of living.
• Development of industries in the area.
Problems are:-
• The problem of fierce wild animals at night.
• The problem of blue flies, worms and other diseases.
• Recurrent spells of drought.
• Inadequate pastures due to large sheep population causing overgrazing.
• Overstocking which leads to overgrazing which in turn leads to soil erosion.
Possible Solutions
• Introduction of drought resistant breeds of Sheep such as Karakol.
• Supplement the food (pasture) with the manufactured animal feeds.
• Improved disease control through spraying dipping and use of chemicals.
• Construction of dams to provide water.
• Reducing Sheep numbers.
• Provide education to the farmers.
QUESTION
2. Study table 1 below showing the annual average number of cattle for selected countries in Africa and answer the questions that follow.
Table 1: Annual average number of cattle in selected countries in Africa (1982-94).
Country Annual average no. of Cattle (‘000s)
Botswana 2,767
Burkina Faso 4,178
Mali 5,432
Mauritania 1,070
Namibia 2,093
Adapted from: World Resources: (1996-97) A Guide to the Global Environment: The Urban Environment; Oxford P.242.
(a)(i) Calculate the percentage of the cattle found in the countries of the Sahel shown in the table.
(ii) Draw a bar graph to show the information on the table.
(iii)Name any: (i) two countries where transhumance is practiced, (ii) one country where cattle ranching is dominant.
(b) Describe the conditions which have led to the practice of either transhumance or ranching in any one country named in (b) above.
(c) Explain the contribution of livestock farming to the economy of any one country shown in the table.
(d) Outline the :
i. problems faced by traditional livestock farmers in any one country in Africa,
ii. measures being taken by government to solve the problems in (e) (I) above.
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
(i) Percentage of cattle in the Sahel, in addition to all the countries is equal to 15,540,000.
In addition for the three Sahel Countries is 10, 680,000.
Therefore the Percentage of cattle in the Sahel region is x100 = 68.7%
(ii) A bar graph showing annual average number of cattle for selected number of countries in africa (1992-1994)
Vertical scale is 1cm reprersernts 1,000,000 cattle
Horizontal scale 1cm : a country
b(i) Two countries where Transhumance is practised are Mali, Mauritania, Bourkinafaso, Chad, Nigeria and Senegal.
(ii) One country where Ranching is dominant is Namibia or Botswana.
c. The conditions which have led to the practice of transhumance
i. Seasonal rainfall or lack of it
ii. Lack of surface water especially in the dry season
iii. Scarcity of pasture in the dry season
iv. Seasonal migration of tsetseflies following rain season
v. Traditional practises of the nomads
vi. Avoiding mixing healthy animals with those which have diseases.
vii. Presence of tradittional land inherited from ancestors.
viii. Sparse population and availability of vast land of 0-10 persons per square kilometre.
OR
Describe the conditions which have led to the practice of ranching in any one country.
RANCHING IN BOTSWANA
i. Government policy
ii. Use of demonstration farms for teaching modern practices of farming.
iii. Improved pastures.
iv. Availability of capital.
v. There is market for cattle products.
vi. Well developed infrastructure.
vii. Large areas which support cattle in paddocks.
viii. There are skilled labourers
ix. There is high developed technology
x. The relief of the area which is of plateau nature is low enough and favours ranching.
e (i) Problems facing traditional Livestock farmers.
i. Overgrazing
ii. Overstocking
iii. Pests
iv. Diseases
v. Poor pasture
vi. Lack of surface water
vii. Land tenure system
viii. Drought
ix. Cattle rustling
x. Culture favour more quantity than quality
xi. Poor breeds
xii. Lack of market
xiii. Lack of capital
xiv. Remoteness to markets
xv. Soil erosion and
xvi. Wild animals.
(ii) Solutions to the problems
i. Cross breeding to improve quality
ii. Provision of water through boreholes
iii. Praying of tsetseflies
iv. Educating people through demonstration farms.
v. Encouraging traditional pastrolists to settle down
vi. Reduce the herds to improve quality
vii. Training of extension workers
viii. Ranching to quality
ix. Setting up of co-operatives for saving and loan provision
x. Development of the infrastructure etc