NATIONAL MOVEMENTS AND THE NEW STATES IN AFRICA
Preface
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN NATIONALISM
CHAPTER 2: THE ITALO-ETHIOPIAN WAR
CHAPTER 3: THE IMPACT OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR ON AFRICA
CHAPTER FOUR:THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION
CHAPTER FIVE:THE GHANAIAN REVOLUTION
CHAPTER SIX:THE DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA: UNITY OR BALKANIZATION
CHAPTER SEVEN:PAN AFRICANISM
CHAPTER NINE:NEO-COLONIALISM
CHAPTER TEN:AFRICAN POLITICAL PARTIES: THEIR ROLE IN THE REGAINING OF INDEPENDENCE
CHAPTER ELEVEN:NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER TWELVE: NATIONALISM IN CONGO
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:NATIONALISM IN TANGANYIKA
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:NATIONALISM IN KENYA: THE DEFEAT OF REGIONALISM
CHAPTER FIFTEEN:MAU- MAU IN KENYA (1952-1956)
CHAPTER SIXTEEN:THE ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:THE ARMED STRUGGLE: THE 1960S AND 1970S
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE
CHAPTER NINETEEN:THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE IN ZIMBABWE
CHAPTER TWENTY:THE POLISARIO WAR IN WESTERN SAHARA
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE:THE LIBERATION WAR IN NAMIBIA
CHAPTER TWENTY TWO:AFRIKANER AND AFRICAN NATIONALISM IN SOUTH AFRICA
CHAPTER TWENTY THREE:NATIONALISM IN UGANDA
CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR:UGANDA NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (UNLF) (1979-1980)
CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE:PROBLEMS OF DISUNITY: CIVIL WAR IN SUDAN
CHAPTER TWENTY SIX:THE ERITREAN SECESSION WAR FROM 1961-1993
CHAPTER TWENTY SIX:POLITICAL INSTABILITIES IN THE HORN OF AFRICA.
CHAPTER TWENTY SEVEN:SECESSIONISM IN ZAIRE, 1960-
CHAPTER TWENTY EIGHT:THE NIGERIAN CIVIL/ SECESSION WAR, 1967-70
CHAPTER TWENTY NINE:THE CIVIL WAR IN CHAD FROM 1965-1982
Introduction
Causes of the civil war in Chad (1965-1982)
Civil War Starts & Col. Gaddafi Annexes the Aouzou Strip
The Military Overthrows and Kills President Tombalbaye
Habre Becomes Premier & Tries to Topple President Malloum
Goukouni Becomes President, but Habre Says "No"
Chad is Nearly Merged with Libya as the Civil War Abates
Goukouni is Duped & Habre Hops into Power
The failure of the OAU peacekeeping force in Chad,1981-2
Effects of the civil war in Chad
Steps taken by Government to end the civil war in Chad
Efforts made by the O.A.U to end the civil war in Chad.
The weakness of the O.A.U during the Chadian civil war
CHAPTER THIRTY:THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR, 1975-6
CHAPTER THIRTY ONE:MOZAMBICAN CIVIL WAR 1977-1994
CHAPTER THIRTY TWO:THE RWANDA REVOLUTION- 1959-1994
CHAPTER THIRTY THREE:THE ZANZIBAR REVOLUTION OF 1964
CHAPTER THIRTY FOUR:MILITARY COUP D'ETATS
CHAPTER THIRTY FIVE:THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION- 1969
CHAPTER THIRTY SIX:THE ONE-PARTY SYSTEM
CHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN:MULTIPARTY SYSTEM
CHAPTER THIRTY EIGHT:NATIONAL UNITY AND SOCIALISM
CHAPTER THIRTY NINE:AFRICAN CULTURE
CHAPTER FOURTY:REGIONAL AFRICAN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
CHAPTER FOURTY ONE:POPULATION EXPLOSION IN AFRICA
CHAPTER FOURTY TWO:WARS BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AFRICAN STATES
CHAPTER FOURTY THREE:NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM)
CHAPTER FOURTY FOUR:MAJOR PROBLEMS OF AFRICA
CHAPTER FOURTY FIVE:THE BEST TECHNIQUES TO PASSING A' LEVEL HISTORY PAPER 1
REFERENCES

President Goukouni once more asked for Libyan aid, and Col. Gaddafi, determined to settle the score, flew in several thousands of troops of the Libyan "Islamic Legion," rocket-launchers, mortars, tanks, helicopters, and other items of weaponry and armour. By January 1981, some nine months after the start of the civil war, Habre's army had been severely routed, and the survivors retreated into Sudan where Habre himself also fled into exile.

 

Some semblance of peace returned to Chad, where Libyan forces remained to prop up Goukouni's government. At the instigation of Col. Gaddafi, Goukouni signed an agreement to merge Chad with Libya. This move caused despondency in the country especially among the people of the non-Muslim south, who favour a secular. Western-stereotype parliamentary government. They were apprehensive of the definite Islamization of their country by Col. Gaddafi. Further pressure from Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan and other African countries forced Col. Gaddafi to abandon the merger.

GUEKUIN QUEDEI ruled with the assistance of Libya as civil war raged on

With help from Sudan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and other countries averse to the influence of Col. Gaddafi, Habre revived the struggle by commencing a guerrilla war against President Goukouni. But Goukouni retaliated by sentencing Habre to death in absentia, in July 1981 whatever the significance of such a sentence.

 

In late 1981. the Organization of African Unity (OAU) intervened and requested both Col. Gaddafi and President Goukouni to accept the Libyan troops to be withdrawn from Chad. Col. Gaddafi, much expecting to become Chairman of the OAU (the hope that went awry, due to his global political misconduct), acceded to the request by the continental body.

 

Furthermore, the then new President of France, Francois Mitterand, in his attempt to weaken the Gaddafi-Goukouni attachment, offered President Goukouni military and financial aid if Libya withdrew its troops. Goukouni accepted this request also. The OAU also promised to fly in a peace-keeping force to Chad.

 

President Goukouni asked Col. Gaddafi to withdraw the Libyan troops - a request Libya readily accepted and executed with a good speed in November 1981. Goukouni's decision was a real gamble, and it turned against him shortly thereafter.

National Movements and New States in Africa