Study the map of the Gezira below and answer the questions that follow; 
a) Name:
(i) Rivers A and B (ii) Lake C (iii) Dams D and E(iv) Towns F & G.
b) What evidence is there on the map to show that the area:
(i)Receives little rainfall.
(ii) Slopes gently northwards.
(iii) Has processing facilities for cotton.
c) Describe briefly work done by a farmer in a year mentioning crops grown in Gezira Scheme.
d) (i) Explain the advantages the scheme has brought to the people of the area it serves.
(ii) Name three irrigation schemes in Uganda.

POSSIBLE ANSWERS
(a) (i) Rivers: A - Blue Nile B - White Nile
(ii) Lake C - Sennar
(iii) Dams: D - Sennar E - Jabel Aulia dam.
(iv) Towns: F - Barakat G - Marangan

(b) THE EVIDENCE THAT THE AREA:
(i) Receives little rainfall, the evidence is the scrub vegetation which is a characteristic of areas with little rainfall.
(ii) Slopes gently northwards. Evidence is contour 480m in the south and contour 400m in the north hence the south is higher than the north.
(iii) Has processing facilities for cotton  the evidence is the ginnery around Marangan and Hasa Heisa towns.
(c) A farmer's year is divided into four parts:
i. July to October is rainy season. At this period, sorghum, groundnuts, cotton, libia are sown. There is weeding cotton and sorghum. Every two weeks irrigation is done. Vegetables are also grown in this period.
ii. November to January is winter. It is therefore dry all over. Irrigation is done and sorghum harvest starts in December. Irrigation channels are cleared.
iii. February to April. Is the busiest period of the year. This is the cotton picking season people of all categories, men, women, children are involved.
iv. End of April to June. Uprooting of cotton stalks to control pests and diseases. The gardens are cleared and fertilizers applied in anticipation of the rains.

(d) (i) Advantages of the scheme. Refer to question 41.
(ii) The irrigation schemes in Uganda
• Mobuku Irrigation scheme
• Kibimba Irrigation scheme
• Doho Rice Scheme

QUESTION FORTY SIX
(a) Draw a sketch map of the Gezira, on it mark and name:
i) Towns (a) Omduman (b) El Managil (c) Hasa heisa (d) Shatawi (e) El Ducin
ii) Rivers White Nile and Blue Nile
iii) Irrigated lands.
iv) The mainlands.
(b) Describe the factors that have favoured the establishment of the Gezira Scheme.
(c) (i) State the problems that have faced the Gezira Irrigation scheme.
(ii) How are these problems stated in C(i) above being solved?
(d) Name other projects which are being developed by the Sudan government.

POSSIBLE ANSWERS
a) Refer to question 44 for the map of Gezira.
b) Refer to question 44 for factors that favoured the set up of the scheme.

c)(i) Problems that have faced the scheme.
• Two crop diseases especially the black arm and the leaf curl which damage a lot of cotton crop. The black arm is a bacterial disease spread by wind and rain. Leaf curl is a virus disease spread by the white fly. Expensive spraying is necessary to keep them under control.
• There is also a Rhizonule-like weed called "Seid" which competes with crops for the soil nutrients.
• The silting of the canals due to deposition is another problem which requires expensive constant dredging.
• With so much water and Sudan's hot climate, the weeds would soon choke the canals.
• The problems of water borne disease like bilharzia which is a threat to human life.
• The farms are too large to be managed by some tenants.
• About half of the people in the area are migrants. This has caused social and economic problems in the area.

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS:
i. The problem of crop diseases is being solved by spraying with insecticides and also taking precautionary measures by the tenants according to the established rules.
ii. The problem of silting is overcome through constant dredging of the irrigation canals.
iii. Rhizonule like weed are controlled by deep ploughing.
iv. Training of farmers into modern methods of farming also minimises such problems like crop weeds.
v. Bilharzia as a human disease is being minimised through constant regulation of water levels since this is a water borne disease.
vi. The size of the plots of land is being gradually reduced so as to improve on the efficiency of the local tenant farmers.

d) (i) Kenana sugarcane plantation. ii) Rahad project and
iii) Damazine irrigation ranch.

QUESTION.
Study the map below of Sudan and answer the following questions.

a) Name : (i) The schemes marked 1, 2, and 3.
(ii) Rivers A, B, C, and D.
(iii) E, and F
(iv) Ports. G, H, I, J and K.
b) (i) What is the main cash crop produced under scheme marked 2
(ii) For the crop named in b(i) above explain the conditions which have made its production successful
(iii) Name the organisation which is responsible for marketing this crop.
Possible answers
(a) (i) The schemes : 1 is Menagil, 2. is Gezira and 3. is Guineas sugar scheme
(ii) The rivers: A is Sobot, B is Atbara, C is Blue Nile and D is the White Nile
(iii) The dams : E is Jaulia dam and F is Sennar dam.
(iv) The ports: G is port Sudan, H is Omdurman, I is Khartoum, J is Wadmediana, K is Wall.
(b)(i) it is cotton. (ii) the conditions are:
• -The climate is ideal for farming
• -The land is gently sloping so it allows water distribution to be easily done.
• -The people have traditionally been having experience in irrigation.
• -The vegetation was savanna so there was no need in clearing the vegetation .
• -There is plenty of labour.
• -The soils are clayish and some are black cotton soils ideal for cotton.
(iii) It is Gezira irrigation board.
(iv) The main problems are: poor road network and Congestion at the port.
c) (i) The dams have created man made lakes which are used for navigation.
The dams have become a centre of tourist attractions
• The dams have assisted in trapping silt which fertilizes the soil.
• The water is used for fishing.
• There is permanent supply of domestic water.
• The water for industrial use is made available.
(ii) -There is a problem of over silting of the canals and dams.
• There is a problem of water logging
• There is a problem of water borne disease which is bilharzia
• There is a problem of price fluctuations.