This involves running one solution from a burette into a known volume of another solution until the two solutions have just reacted completely. This complete reaction occurs when the end point (neutral point) of the titration is reached. The volume of the solution used from the burette is noted.The end point is realised when the colour of the indicator changes.

INDICATORS
The common indicators used in titration and each of their colours in acid or alkaline solution are:

Indicator	Colour in:
	Acid	Alkaline
Methyl orange	Pink	Yellow
Phenolphthalein	Colourless	Pink
Litmus	Red	Blue
Screened methyl orange	Violet	Green
Methyl red	Red	Yellow
Bromophenol Blue	Yellow	Violet

Titration Techniques

Before beginning to titrate, wash the apparatus to be used so that they are thoroughly clean.

Wash out the burette with water and then with a few cm3 of the solution you are to put in it, (in most cases the acid solution). Run it out through the burrete tap.

This leaves the burrete with the liquid it is to contain and nothing is left to contaminate the solution when the burette is filled.

Fill the burette with the solution above the 0cm3 mark and open the tap or clip and ensure that the jet is filled with the solution and does not contain any air bubble.

Run a little of the solution out through the tap until the minscus is at 0cm3, i.e your eye level should with the bottom of the miniscus. If need be hold a piece of white paper behind the burette and note the reading accurately.

Wash out a pipette atleast twice. The last washing should be with a little of the solution your are to pipette, then

Draw the solution into the pipette above the mark and then quickly close the end with the moistened tip of the forefinger.

Gently release the pressure until the level is exactly at the mark.

Allow the solution to run into one of the conical flasks.

Let the pipette draim for 15 seconds and then gently touch the surface of the solution with the end of the pipette.

Do not blow or shake out the last drop of the solution.

Add the drops of the indicator (according the instructions given to you) into the conical flask.

Stand the flask on a white tile beneath the burete Run the solution from the burette into the conical flask 1 cm3 at a time, with gentle shaking, allowing a short drainage time between additions until the liquid flashes a colour change of the indicator Now add one drop at a time until the indicator colour just changes then you stop adding.

Note the final reading.

Get the titre value by substration (i.e. final reading -initial reading)

Precautions

1.      Never forget to add an indicator, otherwise you will run all the solution from the burette without seeing any end point.

2.      Read instructions carefully before carrying out the exercise. For example, when you are told to put a solution into burette never interchange and instead put it in a flask.

3.      When you are running a solution from the burette into a flask take care when controlling the tap of the burette. Any mistake of adding excess may led to wrong results.

4.      When shaking the flask during titration you should do it gently to avoid the solution from spitting out or misplacing the flask off the line with burette.