NATIONAL MOVEMENTS AND THE NEW STATES IN AFRICA
Preface
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN NATIONALISM
CHAPTER 2: THE ITALO-ETHIOPIAN WAR
CHAPTER 3: THE IMPACT OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR ON AFRICA
CHAPTER FOUR:THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION
CHAPTER FIVE:THE GHANAIAN REVOLUTION
CHAPTER SIX:THE DECOLONIZATION OF AFRICA: UNITY OR BALKANIZATION
CHAPTER SEVEN:PAN AFRICANISM
CHAPTER NINE:NEO-COLONIALISM
CHAPTER TEN:AFRICAN POLITICAL PARTIES: THEIR ROLE IN THE REGAINING OF INDEPENDENCE
CHAPTER ELEVEN:NATIONALISM IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER TWELVE: NATIONALISM IN CONGO
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:NATIONALISM IN TANGANYIKA
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:NATIONALISM IN KENYA: THE DEFEAT OF REGIONALISM
CHAPTER FIFTEEN:MAU- MAU IN KENYA (1952-1956)
CHAPTER SIXTEEN:THE ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN:THE ARMED STRUGGLE: THE 1960S AND 1970S
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE IN MOZAMBIQUE
CHAPTER NINETEEN:THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE IN ZIMBABWE
CHAPTER TWENTY:THE POLISARIO WAR IN WESTERN SAHARA
CHAPTER TWENTY ONE:THE LIBERATION WAR IN NAMIBIA
CHAPTER TWENTY TWO:AFRIKANER AND AFRICAN NATIONALISM IN SOUTH AFRICA
CHAPTER TWENTY THREE:NATIONALISM IN UGANDA
CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR:UGANDA NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (UNLF) (1979-1980)
CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE:PROBLEMS OF DISUNITY: CIVIL WAR IN SUDAN
CHAPTER TWENTY SIX:THE ERITREAN SECESSION WAR FROM 1961-1993
CHAPTER TWENTY SIX:POLITICAL INSTABILITIES IN THE HORN OF AFRICA.
CHAPTER TWENTY SEVEN:SECESSIONISM IN ZAIRE, 1960-
CHAPTER TWENTY EIGHT:THE NIGERIAN CIVIL/ SECESSION WAR, 1967-70
CHAPTER TWENTY NINE:THE CIVIL WAR IN CHAD FROM 1965-1982
CHAPTER THIRTY:THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR, 1975-6
Introduction
Three Incompatible Nationalist Movements
How Cuban Troops Put the MPLA in Power
How the MPLA Victory Affected South Africa
Three "National" Governments Proclaimed Simultaneously
Causes of the civil war
How South Africa Aided Savimbi's Guerrillas
The Problems Facing President dos Santos
Effects of the civil war in Angola.
CHAPTER THIRTY ONE:MOZAMBICAN CIVIL WAR 1977-1994
CHAPTER THIRTY TWO:THE RWANDA REVOLUTION- 1959-1994
CHAPTER THIRTY THREE:THE ZANZIBAR REVOLUTION OF 1964
CHAPTER THIRTY FOUR:MILITARY COUP D'ETATS
CHAPTER THIRTY FIVE:THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION- 1969
CHAPTER THIRTY SIX:THE ONE-PARTY SYSTEM
CHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN:MULTIPARTY SYSTEM
CHAPTER THIRTY EIGHT:NATIONAL UNITY AND SOCIALISM
CHAPTER THIRTY NINE:AFRICAN CULTURE
CHAPTER FOURTY:REGIONAL AFRICAN ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS
CHAPTER FOURTY ONE:POPULATION EXPLOSION IN AFRICA
CHAPTER FOURTY TWO:WARS BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AFRICAN STATES
CHAPTER FOURTY THREE:NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM)
CHAPTER FOURTY FOUR:MAJOR PROBLEMS OF AFRICA
CHAPTER FOURTY FIVE:THE BEST TECHNIQUES TO PASSING A' LEVEL HISTORY PAPER 1
REFERENCES

But the civil war has cost Angola heavily in human and economic terms. It has led to colossal loss of lives. Hundreds of thousands of Angolans have perished in the war, mostly innocent victims such as women, children and the disabled. The country has the second largest number of amputees to Afghanistan in the world.

Some of the most dangerous military hardware still at large.

 

Economic retardation. The war has devastated Angola's economy in a number of ways. Currently, the MPLA government uses at least half its income in the war effort. The war has significantly hampered effective exploitation of Angola's abundant mineral resources. South African and UNITA agents do sporadically mount sabotage operations against Angola's economic targets-oil wells, diamond mines, railways and harbours.

 

Foreign technicians work¬ing for the MPLA government are often attacked (and sometimes taken captive) by UNITA guerrillas.

 

It has led to a refugee crisis in neighbouring countries.

 

It has fuelled ethnic tensions in Angola and has hampered any meaningful approach to unity.

 

It has paved way for dictatorship in Angola. Since various democratic attempts have failed, this has turned DOS Santos and other MPLA leader into iron rulers.

 

Economic crisis. The intermittent war has led to unemployment, scarcity of essential commodities, inflation and an increase in Angola's foreign debt burden.

 

Food crisis. The war has led to disruption of agriculture which has led to starvation, displacement of farmers and burning of gardens.

 

It has promoted neo-colonialism in Angola from former Soviet Union and Cuba and USA.

 

It led to divisions between OAU member states whereby some supported UNITA e.g Zaire while others supported the MPLA e.g Algeria.

 

It introduced black to black guerrillaism in Africa. Hitherto, Africans states were pre-occupied with fighting the white man.

 

It led to the delayed independence of Angola's neighbours, e.g Zimbabwe and Namibia which were being used by South Africa as bases to support UNITA rebels.

 

There was short lived multi-partism. To solve the age long war, the MPLA opened the door for multi-partism and organised the 1992 elections.

 

It has revealed the inconsistency of the UNO.

 

Cold war politics was extended into Angola. The super powers turned Angola into a cold war theatre.

 

It has led to social deprivation. Schools and hospitals have been burnt down

National Movements and New States in Africa