It led to the adoption of a one-party system in Uganda. UPC remained the only political party, which used its majority in Parliament to promote dictatorship. This destroyed the young democracy which was beginning to emerge in Uganda.

The capitalists and imperial powers isolated and sabotaged Uganda in order to frustrate Obote's 'move to the left*. Britain and America withdrew their support to Uganda and engineered the 1971 coup that toppled Obote.

The Common Man's Charter failed to achieve full national support. Obote and UPC personalised the CMC since its preparation was done without widespread consultations with cabinet, parliament, members of the opposition and the masses. Some Ministers and politicians opposed CMC and therefore refused to mobilise the people. It should be noted that many of the proposals in the Charter were UPC blue-prints and were never effectively discussed in Parliament and Cabinet. Therefore, the Charter lacked full national support.

The introduction of socialism discouraged investment. The government policy of nationalisation drove foreign investments out of Uganda and at the same time, discouraged fresh foreign investment in the country. Private investments relocated to Kenya and Uganda's economic environment became hostile to foreign investment. Many Ugandans lacked the capacity to undertake large capital investments. This negatively affected Uganda's economic development, making her one of the poorest countries in the world.

Agricultural production declined. Government officials and cooperative societies exploited farmers by paying them low prices and also embezzled farmers' funds. Payments to farmers were delayed for years. This discouraged fanners who cut down their coffee plantations, leading to a reduction in agricultural production.

Obote failed to win support of the Baganda in the implementation of the charter. Obote created enmity with the Baganda by exiling Kabaka Mutesa I and abolishing federalism. This made Buganda to oppose the move to the left and yet she had the largest population and the most educated. This became a blow to CMC since Buganda was instrumental in the success of politics in Uganda.

The Charter outlawed strikes and demonstrations in Uganda. The government reasoned that since workers were now the masters of Uganda, it was self-defeating for them to declare strikes against themselves. This made it difficult for workers to demand for better pay and good working and living conditions.

Political opposition to Obote increased because of his move to the left. Two assassination attempts were made on Obote's life in 1969; one at Nakulabye and the other at Lugogo.

Kondoism increased instead of reducing as criminal gangs robbed property, money and other valuable items. This created lawlessness and disorder in Uganda.

The 'move to the left” did not take into account the literacy levels in Uganda. Socialism is a sophisticated programme that requires high literacy levels. But in Uganda, majority of the people were illiterate. The cooperative societies were in the hands of uneducated chairmen, treasurers and accountants who presided over the misappropriation of resources. This led to the failure of the charter.

The expulsion of foreign workers created a vacuum which was filled by semi-literate and inexperienced Ugandans, who drove the country into chaos.

In conclusion, the Common Man's Charter was short-lived. It culminated into the overthrow of Obote by Amin in 1971. Amin abolished the charter and reintroduced capitalism. But Amin implemented some of the aspects of the 'move to the left' namely, the expulsion of Asians, who dominated the economy.

What efforts did post African leaders take to overcome the problem of internal disunity.

• Give a brief summary of the causes of internal disunity at independence: tribalism, religion, regionalism, and traditional leaders, party politics among others.
• Adoption of single party system like Tanzania
• Adopting a unitary constitution eg Uganda and DRC
• Politicizing the Masses eg Ug and TZ
• Nationalization of the education system.
• Equitable sharing of resources
• Use of the strong army to resist secession like Sudan, Nigeria and Zaire
• National language policy like Swahili in Kenya and Tz.
• Promotion of affirmative action
• Holding peace talks with rebels.

'Disunity in Post independence Africa is mainly a result of colonial legacy” Discuss

Preamble:

Disunity is a situation where there is lack of spirit of co-operation among or between states, between regions, tribes, etc. Colonial legacy involves the influence of weaknesses as inherited from foreign rule (colonialism).

The legacy of the divide and rule policy is partly blamed for the existing disunity in Africa. Colonialists used to favour one region or tribe or even individuals against others; after independence, the disunity that had been created remained e.g Southern Sudan and Northern Sudan (where the North had been favoured), in Rwanda, both the Germans arid Belgians favoured the Tutsi against the Hutu.

Unequal development levels provide yet another obstacle. Because of the divide and rule policy, the regions that were favoured by the colonialists gained an upper hand in terms of development. In Sudan, the North is more developed than the South, while in Nigeria, the South is more developed compared to the North. That is why there are unending clashes in these countries based on regions.

The continued influence of foreign ideologies has aggravated the disunity that exists in Africa. At the end of WW II, new super powers (USA and USSR) emerged. They had capitalism and communism as their ideologies to spread to the other parts of the world. African countries got divided along these ideological lines and this created disunity [during and] after independence e.g Tanzania's socialism clashed with Kenya's capitalism leading to the collapse of the EAC.

Fearing Lumumba's probable change to socialism, Katanga under Moise Tshombe opted for secession supported by the Western powers.

The recurrence of racism should not go unmentioned. This colonial policy created the divisive grounds in Africa. During colonialism, the colonialists saw themselves as superior and the dignity of Africans was undermined. This kind of attitude continued even in the post independent Africa. According to Dr Francis M Deng in his book; War of Visions- Conflict of Identities in the Sudan, unlike elsewhere in Africa "where with exception of Mauritania, people identify themselves as Africans, the Northern Sudanese see themselves as Arabs and deny the strongly African element in their skin colour and physical features. They associate these features with the Negroid race and see it as the mother race of slaves inferior and demeaned", yet "Sudan" derives its name from an Arabic phrase - "Bilad al-Sudan" (land of the Blacks) and refers to all the Sub-Saharan territories.

The influence of foreign religions cannot be exonerated from the divisive factors in Africa. Missionaries (agents of colonialism) introduced Christianity in Africa, as did the Arabs with Islam. This became a source of divisionism among Africans. Examples of these divisions are in Nigeria between the Islamic North and Christian South. The vision of the leadership of Sudanese 'Arabs' for a 'united Sudan' is one in which the Southerners are either peacefully converted or forced into Islam. Their vision is a 'united Sudan' in which 39% are 'Arabs’ while 61% are 'orphans' of Arabism. However, the South has rejected that vision as unacceptable and divisive. In some other countries, religious differences have been manifested among different Christian denominations. Eg in Uganda, during and after colonial rule, religionism continued to bring about sectarian politics; Protestants supported UPC-KY coalition while Catholics supported DP.

The weakness of colonial constitutions shares blame of being one of the divisive factors in Africa. Colonialists left behind weak constitutions at independence and this created avenues for divisionism in the respective countries. Eg the Colonial constitution in Uganda "left behind a Westminster model of governance; it recognised Mutesa II as president of the unitary government of Uganda and at the same time, the Kabaka of a federal Buganda. This created a conflict between him and Obote, the Prime minister of Uganda.

Colonial education is a fundamental obstacle to unity. It has created an elite - illiterate class, hence widening the income gap. The elite mainly prefer to stay in urban centres (they do not like staying with their illiterate relatives), '(n some cases, the illiterate envy the elite, the latter too feel proud before the peasants.[refer to Ujamaa socialism]. The elite look over tools of power at independence and are still dominating the political arena. This is indicated m the elitist leadership of political parties and in people's; representative bodies etc while the peasants/illiterate have been sidelined.

The relationship that African countries have with former colonies undermines unity. Many African countries entered into deep relationship with former respective colonial masters mainly in ideological, political and economic lines, eg former British colonies are more inclined to Britain (Anglo-phone community), the same applies to former French colonies (Franco-phone community) and former Portuguese colonies (Lusophone community). The Afro-Malagasy Union (UAM) states ie. Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, ivory Coast had great dependence on France.

The poor boundary demarcation by the colonialists created avenue for divisionism in Africa. The question of boundaries originated from the dismemberment of Africa as a consequence of the Berlin conference of 1884- 85. However Africa was divided without due regard to ethnic groupings. In Somalia this led to the rise of the Greater Somali Movement that aimed at regrouping all the Somalis and Somali-speaking people who had been separated from their brothers by colonial boundaries. Before 1960 Somalis were contained in British-, Italian-, and French Somaliland. In 1960 both the British and Italian administered sections became independent and merged to form Somalia. The state began asking for the repatriation of Somalis living outside the Somalia boundary e.g in Kenya.

Other Obstacles

The weakness of the Pan African Movement (PAM) in dealing with the likely divisive factors should be blamed. The movement has failed to achieve its aim of uniting Africans. The PAM is Just a 'talking club of African petty bourgeoisie' characterized by differences among them. On this note, some Pan Africanists have ended up clashing with one another. For example, Nasser opposed Kwame Nkrumah's proposal of United States of Africa. The absence of the USA has made Africa a playground of the divisive neo colonial arrangements.

Sub-nationalism has not spared Africa of disunity. Africa is a continent of ethnic clashes; each ethnic group wants to cherish its individual interests no matter what other ethnic groups do, e.g in Rwanda between the Hutu and Tutsi, in Zimbabwe (1982) between the Shona and Ndebele, tribalism in Sudan between the Dinka and Nuer etc.

Competitive production among African states gives rise to another obstacle. African states are involved in the production of similar goods primary products and compete for the same market abroad. Hence economic integration becomes difficult to achieve.

Poor leadership also militates against unity. Some African leaders are dictatorial; they have suppressed people's rights and liberties. That's why many opposition movements have been formed in such countries e.g the blacks against the Arab dictatorship in Sudan
Africa is a continent with many people of different cultural backgrounds. This has especially militated against internal unity (ie within individual states) and was one of the challenges of OAU. Each group of people speaks their language; there is no single uniting language in Africa. For example, Uganda has more than fifty tribes with each speaking its own language, this also happens in Nigeria, etc.

Direct private foreign investment is another method. Many foreigners have established themselves in the economic life of Africans. In some countries foreigners are dominating the economy. In Kenya, there was a serious influx of Multinational corporations that began competing with local investors in order to undermine the East African Community's activities.

Patent rights are equally used to enhance neo colonialism in Africa. Where a foreign power discovers a particular technology, they try to patent it. This means that no body in the world is allowed to produce without permission of the patent holder. For example South Africa produces Mirage jet fighters under French licence, the patent is held by a French company. So South Africa has to get the necessary permission after paying a price determined by the mother company.

Explain the role of the “Harambee philosophy” in the social and economic development in Kenya

A student must analyse the part played by Harambee philosophy” in the social and economic development in Kenya since 1963.