QUESTION SEVENTY EIGHT
Study the map of Southern Africa showing the physical features.  Study it and answer the questions that follow:
 

(a)(i) Name the relief features marked 1 and 2.
 (ii) Name the ocean currents marked A  and B.
(b) State the main climatic characteristics of  regions marked (i) P   (ii) Q.
(c) Besides fishing, mention other economic activities carried out  the regions  P and Q.
(d) With specific examples chosen from either region P or Q describe the factors which have favoured the economic activities in the region chosen.
(e) Why is fishing more developed along the coast of P than Q?
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
(a)(i)    1.  Drakensburg.    2. Bihe (Great Kharas)
(ii)    Ocean current A-Warm Mozambique;   B-Cold Banguela Ocean Currents.
(b)(i)    Region Q:
        (i)Receives high rainfall.   
        (ii)Temperatures are high.
        (iii)The region experiences onshore winds and has a warm ocean current.
    (ii)    Region P:
        -It is dry with no rain
        -Experiences offshore winds
        -Has the cold ocean currents
        -It is a desert region.
(c)    Economic activities in regions:
    (i)    P  -  Pastrolism, mining, irrigational farming.
    (ii)    Q  -  Farming, transport and communication, mining.
(d)    The factors which have favoured farming in region Q are:
    (i)    The fertile soils.
    (ii)    Easy transport and communication.
    (iii)     Favourable climate in the area.
    (iv)    Enough water from the Great Berge River and Breede River.

(e)    Factors that have favoured fishing along the coast of P
i.    Favourable climate.  Moderate temperatures for fish metabolism.
ii.    Presence of the suitable continental shelf for the multiplication of fish and the planktons.
iii.    There is easy mixing of water on the Namibian coast because of the meeting of the cold and warm ocean currents.
iv.    The shallow water allows the penetration of sunlight.
QUESTION SEVENTY NINE
Study the map of Central Africa showing the fishing grounds and the questions that follow.
 
(a)    (i)Name the fishing grounds marked ,M,N,O.
(ii) Name one marine and one fresh water types of fish commercially caught in Central Africa.
(b)(i)  What physical factors favour fishing activity in central African fishing grounds?       
(ii)  Describe any three methods used for catching fish in Central Africa.
(iii)  Mention ways of processing fish in Central Africa.
  (iv) Besides being a source of food, mention other uses of fish.
(c)(i) What steps should be taken to improve the fishing industry in Africa.

POSSIBLE ANSWERS
(a)(i) Fishing grounds: L-Atlantic Ocean;  M-L. Chad in Chad Logone and Chari river; N-River Zaire; O-Lake Albert; P-Lake Banguela in Zambia.
    (ii) Marine fish are; Anchovy, Spanish Mackerel and Barracuda.
    Fresh water fish are; Cat fish, Lung fish, Nile perch and Tilapia.

(b)(i) Physical factors favouring fish

1.    The shallow continental shelf that allows the penetration of light.  Light is required for  photosynthesis by all plants which in turn provide food for fish.
2.    The nature of the coastline which is indented with estuaries are ideal sites for landing     sites.
3.    There is favourable climate for fish metabolism.
4.    The coastline is partly washed by a cool ocean current which supports large quantities of the planktons.
5.    Presence of enough water bodies.
6.    Existence of dense forests helps in the construction of boats.
(ii) Methods of catching fish in Africa

1.    Use of spears, bows and arrows.
2.    Use of canoes fitted with outboard engines.
3.    Use of plunge and basket method.
4.    The gill net method.  Nylon net is fixed with floats on top and weights at the bottom.  Then the net is strashed in water to trap the fish around the gills.
5.    Purse seining.  A net with floats and weights is thrown into water from the ship and held by ropes.  The fish is drawn into the net by the wings which are fastened by the long ropes.  The rope is pulled close to the bottom of the net and fish is picked into the boat.

(iii)    Ways of processing fish in Central Africa
i.    Sundrying.  Fish is spread in the open to get heat from the sun.
ii.    Salting.  Edible salt is applied then dried.
iii.    Smoking. The fishermen do this using firewood.
iv.    Deep freezing.  Using refrigerators.
v.    Canning.  This is done to preserve fish that can be exported.

    (iv)    Other uses of fish
i.    Fish can be processed into fertilisers.
ii.    Can be processed into fish meals for feeding the animals.
iii.    Some drugs can be processed from fish.
iv.    Cosmetics can also be processed from fish.
v.    Production of cooking oil.
vi.    Production of lubricants.
vii.    Provides raw materials for industries for example for soap, margarine, ink, paints.
viii.    Provides cash income to the people.
ix.    Provision of foreign exchange to the countries.
x.    In some places the Whale oil is used as the chief lamp oil and lubricant.

(c)    Steps to be taken to improve the fishing industry

i.    Improvement on the infrastructure for example roads.
ii.    Provide enough capital.  Fishermen should form cooperative unions.
iii.    Provide education to the fishermen to avoid indiscriminate fishing and promote controlled fishing.
iv.    Set up small plants to process fish and preserve it.
v.    Provide refrigeration system and freezing plants as well as storage facilities.
vi.    Carry out research to improve on the fish species.
vii.    Fight against pollution along the African coasts o as to ensure survival of the fish species.
viii.    Improve on the fishing and preservation methods.

QUESTION EIGHTY    
Read the passage below and answer the questions, which follow:
"Africa would appear at first sight to posses considerable advantages for the development of the fishing industry...  Yet it is unfortunately true that the African share of the total world catch of fish is only about 6%; and many African territories actually import fish".
Source:  Jarrett, H.R. Africa:  The New Certificate Geography Series (5th Edition) P. 99
(a)    Outline the physical and human factors which “appear” to favour the development of the fishing industry in Africa.
(b)    Identify the main fishing grounds in Africa.
(c)    Outline the local and modern methods of fishing in Africa.
(d) (i)    State the advantages of the fishing industry in Africa.
     (ii)    Explain the conditions responsible for the low level of development of the fishing industry in Africa.
     (iii)     State the possible solutions to the problems.

Possible answers:
(b)    The fishing grounds in Africa.
(a)    Inland fresh water fishing grounds are:
i.    The Senegal river and middle section of the Niger in West Africa.
ii.    Lake Chad in Chad and the two rivers Logone and Chari.
iii.    Lake MaiNdombe and R. Zaire in Zaire.
iv.    Lake  Volta in Ghana and Kainji in Nigeria.
v.    Some small lakes and R. Niger in Mali.
vi.    Lake Bangwelu in Zambia.

(b)    Salt or marine fishing grounds
i.    The South West coast of South Africa.
ii.    The Moroccan coast in North West Africa.
iii.    The South-west coast around Namibia and Angola.
iv.    The West African coast especially Nigeria, Ghana, Cote D'Ivoire, Senegal, Mauritania.

(c)    Traditional methods of fishing

i.    Use of spears.
ii.    Shooting with bows and arrows.
iii.    Drainage of ponds hence the fish left below  is collected.
iv.    Use of poison in shallow waters.
 
v.    Use of various types of baskets for example.
vi.    Barrage.  Made of split bamboo.
vii.    Baskets may be placed in water and many people frighten the fish to enter after which the fish is picked.  Another type has many holes to allow the fish to enter for a bait but does not come out. This is a cone shaped basket.
viii.    Simple hook and line method.
ix.    Use of scoop nets. The net is laid down and whenever the fish passes on it, it is lifted fish is picked.
x.    Use of a cast net.  This is made in a way with weights such that the  fisherman throws it in water, it spreads and falls on water in a circle.  It is later pulled with fish in it.
xi.    Use of gill nets.
xii.    Line fishing.  Baited hooks are fastened on the end of long lines.
xiii.    Beach seine . Consisting of a bag shaped net to the mouth of which two wing of netting are attached.  A canoe is used.

 
•    The modern methods, these are motorised vessels for example trawlers, purse seine net, gill nets and drifting.
(d)(i)    Advantages of fishing in Africa

1.    Provision of animal proteins to replace the worn out tissues.
2.    Provision of greater proportion of minerals such as iron, calcium, iodine, copper, magnesium and phosphates.
3.    Provision of foreign exchange through fish exports.
4.    Provision of employment to fishermen.
5.    Facilitates the development of the infrastructure such as roads, processing factories and institutions for training and research.
6.    Lessens the pressure on land as the only resource for development.
7.    Provision of cash income to the people.
8.    Many useful commodities are obtained from fish for example lubricants, paint, cosmetics, drugs, fertilizers and animal feeds.

(ii) Conditions responsible for the low level of development of the fishing industry

i.    Inadequate capital to invest in the fishing industry.
ii.    Poor methods of fishing.  The fishermen use spears, arrows and bows, basket traps and hooks.  All these are time wasting and uneconomical, leaving some water bodies underfished.
iii.    Lack of efficient transport network from the landing places to market areas.
iv.    Lack of better preservation and processing facilities and yet fish is perishable.
v.    Presence of predators.  Crocodiles on some lakes consume large quantities of fish, damage nets and threaten fishermen.  There are also insect pests which spread malaria as well as bilharzia caused by water snails.
vi.    Over fishing and indiscriminate fishing caused by high degree of ignorance of fishermen.  Both young and mature fish species are caught without thought for the future.
vii.    Along the coastal areas of Africa, pollution of water by industrial waste kills fish.
viii.    A problem of competition from other leading exporters of fish and fish products such as British Columbia.
ix.    The climatic conditions change, causing drought which reduces the water level. This leads to death of fish.
x.    Too much rainfall causes floods which destroy the fishing grounds.
xi.    There is a problem of limited market for fish in Africa.  This is because traditional beliefs still hamper the consumption of fish, the majority of Africans are low income earners who cannot buy fish regularly.
    (iii)    Refer to question 77.

QUESTION EIGHTY ONE.
Study the map of Africa above and answer the questions that follow:
 
(a) Name:   (i)Countries A and B. (ii)    Oceans 1 and ii    (iii) Ocean    currents X,Y,Z,W.
(b)Countries A and B have important fishing grounds.  For one of these countries:
    (i) Explain the conditions favouring fishing activities.
    (ii) Describe the methods used for catching fish.
(Refer to answers for other questions on fishing).

QUESTION EIGHTY TWO.
The table below shows the demand and consumption of fish (1000 tones) in Africa.

(a)(i)    Which country had the largest production of fish from fresh water?
    (ii)    Which country had the largest production of fish from other sources?
State three facts you have observed about the total production in Chad, Morocco and Nigeria.
(b)(i) List four factors which have favoured the production of fish in   North Africa.
    (ii) What are the methods used in catching fish in Africa?
    (iii)    How are these methods different from those in British Columbia?
(c)(i)    State three major products from the fishing industry.
(ii) Briefly explain why Nigeria had the highest estimated demand whereas Malawi had the lowest in 1980.
(d)     What problems do fishermen in Africa face.
(e)     Imagine you were the Minister of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries in one of the African Countries
    (i)   What advice would you give the fishermen about the problems in (d) above.
    (ii)   What would your ministry do to improve fish production in your country.

POSSIBLE ANSWERS.
(a)(i)    The country with the largest production of fresh water fish is Nigeria.
    (ii)    Chad is the only country with the largest production of fish from other sources.
    (iii)    Facts about production in Chad, Morocco and Nigeria.
1.    Chad is the least producer, the production is from fresh water only.
2.    Nigeria is the leading producer among the three countries.
3.    Much of Nigeria’s total production comes from fresh water.
4.    Morocco’s production comes only from other sources i.e. marine fisheries.
(b)(i) FACTORS FAVOURING FISH PRODUCTION
i.    Lack of development in agriculture due to poor soils, climate and relief.
ii.    Sandy grounds for laying eggs.
iii.    Cool waters due to the canary current.
iv.    Shallow and extensive continental shelf.
v.    Abundant fish food i.e. planktons.
vi.    Meeting of cool and warm ocean currents i.e. canary and the guinea currents respectively.
vii.    Availability of deep sea fish catching equipments.
viii.    Presence of market.
ix.    Presence of many fish species.
x.    Well oxygenated waters.

 
    (ii)    Traditional methods:
i.    Baskets, traps, poisoning, spearing, single line method, multiline method.
ii.    Modern fishing methods are:-
iii.    Gill netting, purse seining, beach seining, and trawling method.
    (iii)    Most methods used in Africa are local and simple traditional hence small scale fishing, although there are attempts to use modern methods whereas in British Columbia the methods used are modern hence large scale fishing.
(c) (i) Caned fish and cold liver oil.
•    (ii)Nigeria is densely populated with a wider market than Malawi.
•    Nigeria is highly industrialised therefore needs fish as raw materials for industries than Malawi.
•    Tsetse fly infestation in southern Nigeria hence little cattle keeping (protein provider)
(d) What problems do fishermen face (refer to question 80)
(e)(i)    Refer to question 79.
    (ii)    Refer to question 79.
Question
1. (a) Draw a sketch map of Africa and on it mark and name:
(i)    Any three commercial Ocean fishing grounds
(ii)    Ocean Currents: Canary, Benguela and Guinea.
(iii)    Ports: Lagos and Cape Town
b)    Describe the conditions which have favoured the development of commercial fishing on any one fishing ground named in (a) I above
c)    Explain the factors limiting commercial fishing in any one fishing ground.
d)    Outline the steps being taken to improve the fishing industry in the area chosen in C above.