1. Examine the factors that contributed to the rise and growth of African nationalism.

Preamble: Define African nationalism. Give and explain factors for the growth of African nationalism in a systematic manner.

Points to consider

African nationalism is the total rejection of foreign rule in all its manifestations be it political, economic or social; it is the expression of hostility against foreign rule. Several factors contributed to this state of affairs as shown hereunder.

The independent African church/religious protest movements contributed to the rise and growth of African nationalism.

Colonialism sowed seeds of its own destruction in Africa.

Putting different ethnic groups into nations, which instilled a sense of nationhood in Africans, was also the work of colonialism. Consider Kenyatta, Moi, Tom Mboya and Odinga's cooperation to fight against the British imperialism in Kenya irrespective of their different ethnic backgrounds.

The role of the mass media also played a role in the rise and growth of African nationalism. This was in reference to the use of newspapers, radios. This was a manifestation of the growth of nationalism.

The existence of independent states was equally an inspiration to the growth of African nationalism.

The role of Africans in Diaspora was equally instrumental in the rise and growth of African political consciousness.

The Russian revolution of 15th November 1917 indirectly contributed to the rise of African nationalism.

The Italo - Ethiopia crisis of 1935 - 41 also helped in the rise of African nationalism.

The World War II of 1939 - 45 became one of the instrumental factors in the growth of African political consciousness.

The role of Asian nationalism should be given attention in explaining the rise of African nationalism.

The Egyptian revolution of 1952-70 did a lot in the demise of colonialism in Africa.

The Mau Mau uprising of 1952 - 55 threatened the imperialists' stay in Africa.

The Algerian war of independence of 1954 - 62 helped in the growth of African nationalism.

Ghana's independence achievement in 1957 was among the key factors in the rise and growth of African nationalism.

French Guinea independence achievement in 1958 became a source of inspiration to the French West African colonies to struggle for their freedom.

The Macmillan speech of 3 February 1960 was 'a great inspiration to the Africans.

The formation of OAU catalysed the struggle for the independence of African countries.

The role of Commonwealth should be put into consideration in explaining the growth of African nationalism.

The Lisbon coup of 1974 helped to dismantle the Portuguese rule in Africa.

2. Assess the role of alien factors towards independence achievement in Africa.

Approach: Definition of alien factors and independence. Identify and explain the role of alien factors vis-a-vis internal factors in independence achievement in Africa. Standpoint

Alien factors mean foreign/external factors. Independence, on the other hand, refers to the state of being free from all forms of foreign rule.

Role of alien factors.

Africans in Diaspora. The Russian revolution of 1917. World War II of 1939-45. -The issuance of the Atlantic charter of 1941. -The rise of new super powers in 1945. -The victory of the Labour Party in the elections in Britain in 1945. The Manchester conference in 1945. The role of Asian nationalism. The Lisbon coup of 1974 and the Commonwealth, formed by Britain.

Internal Factors.

Colonialism. Independent church movements. The existence of independent states:- Liberia and Ethiopia. The Italo-Ethiopian crisis of 1935-41). The liberation of Ethiopia in 1941. The Brazzaville conference of 1944. Apartheid policy in South Africa, 1948-94. Mass political parties' role. The role of mass media. The Egyptian revolution of 1952-70. The Mau Mau uprising of 1952-1955. The Algerian war of independence of 1954-62. Ghana's independence achievement in 1957. French Guinea's independence achievement in 1958. The formation of OAU in 1963

3. "Colonialism was self destructive in Africa". Justify

Preamble: Definition of colonialism. Prove right the statement. Standpoint and other factors NOT necessary

Detailed Essay

Colonialism refers to the imposition of foreign rule by a strong state on a weak state in order to exploit it. Colonialism came with good and bad things, which culminated into the rising tide of African nationalism and back fired on the colonial authority itself.

African elite who were themselves products of colonial education destroyed colonialism, (see question about African elite),

The excesses of colonialism, that is, the bad policies and laws, culminated into the rise of nationalism for example the policy of assimilation in Algeria, Apartheid policy in South Africa, land alienation in Kenya, the Removal of

Undesirable Natives, and Deportation laws in Uganda, forced labour in Mozambique etc. These were sources of resentment in these countries.

The development of communication lines by colonialists paved way for their fate.

The partition of Africa by colonialists also culminated into the demise of colonialism.

Freedom of the press/liberalism especially in British colonies boosted the campaign against colonialism in Africa.

In addition, there was also development of urban centres by colonialists.

The evils of missionaries, who were acting as agents of colonialism, led to the emergency of independent African churches or religious protest movements.

The delay by colonialists to grant independence to African states made the formation of political parties inevitable.

The colonial policy of slave trade that gave rise to Africans in the Diaspora - See the role of Africans in Diaspora above (Marcus Garvey, Dubois, George Padmore)

Colonialism led to the outbreak of the Italo-Ethiopia crisis of 1935-41. In attacking Ethiopia, Mussolini had the blessing of fellow white racists.

It was also because of colonialism that the outbreak of WW II became inevitable and became a hammer blow to the same colonialism.

The granting of independence to Asian states by colonialists themselves acted to weaken the colonialists' existence in Africa.

The British use of king Farouk as a stooge led to the outbreak of the Egyptian revolution in 1952. The British had given pseudo-independence to Egypt, hence the Free Army Officers, who took over power, wanted meaningful political independence.

The outbreak of colonial wars was due to evils of colonialism for example the Mau Mau revolt whose threat frightened Britain to the effect that she decolonised.

Britain itself granted independence to Ghana, 1957. In turn, Britain found it hard to deny her other colonies similar independence.

France, the colonial power itself organised a referendum, which ended into French Guinea independence in 1958. The latter's independence inspired other French colonies to struggle for freedom and in 1960, Togo, Chad, Senegal, etc were granted self-rule.

The formation of OAU in 1963 also played a role in destruction of colonialism in Africa.

4. "The Manchester Conference of 1945 was primarily responsible for the growth and development of African nationalism" Discuss".

Identify Manchester conference. Show its role towards rise of African nationalism viz- a-vis other factors. Standpoint is required.

5. How far did the United Nations Organisation (UNO) promote the development of Africans' political consciousness?

· Definition of political consciousness. Show its role and other factors in the development of political consciousness in Africa. Give other factors. Standpoint

6. How relevant were events and ideas in Asia in leading to the decolonisation of Africa?

Approach:

Definition of decolonization. Identify and analyse the various ways in which events and ideas in Asia led to the decolonisation of Africa in a systematic style Other factors and standpoint NOT required

The early independence achievement by Japan in the 1860s acted as a source of inspiration to Africans, Japan, after being granted independence, worked hard and attained rapid economic progress. The industrial revolution in Japan began at the end of the 19 century and intensified in the early decades of the 20th century due to western influence and the progressive Meiji regime of Emperor Mutsuhito.

Japan established chemical industries, vehicle-building industries dealing in Isuzu, Toyota, Mitsubishi etc, electrical appliances, banking industry etc. In fact, by the second half of the 20th century, Japan had joined the ranks of the most industrialised countries of the world. This indicated to Africans that they would attain similar economic progress if they struggled for independence.

Japan's military victories were of additional inspirational advantage to the African struggle to attain independence. E.g Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese war; she also, in 1931, launched an attack on the rich province of Manchuria which she wrested from the Chinese hands and established her own state of Manchukuo; during World War II, in large parts of Asia, European powers had been ejected from their colonies by the Japanese; the latter completely overrun the Dutch Bast Indies. The Africans who heard of, and the ex-servicemen who witnessed these victories realised that the colonialists were worth defeating. This strengthened African nationalism.

The Vietnam War of independence 1947-54 played one of the key roles in the African bid to be free.

Independence achievement in India, in 1947, also played a role to reckon with in the struggle by Africans to get freedom.

India showed respect of human dignity. Then under Nehru (prime minister) it banned films which potrayed Africans as savages.

The independence achievement by Indonesia in 1949 should also be given mention. In 1946, the British and Indian troops, which had controlled Indonesia since after the defeat of Japan, withdrew from the country.

The rise to power of the Chinese Communist Party in China, in 1949 stimulated the pace for independence struggle in Africa.

The significance of the Bandung conference of 1955 should be recognised.

Also consider the idea of Non alignment that was conceived at the conference.

6. Assess the role of India's attainment of independence in 1947 in the development of African nationalism

· Approach: Define nationalism. Identify India in relation to the question. Analysis of the role of India and other factors in the development of African nationalism. Standpoint

For purpose of being consistent when dealing wish other factors first exhaust those relating within Asian nationalism,

Role of India

India's independence was a source of inspiration to African nationalists hence in 1947 UGCC was formed in Ghana. India provided the ideology of Ghandism, which was used in Ghana, Tanganyika, etc.

It encouraged Africans to use violence after violently expelling the Portuguese from Goa.

Provided education to Africans hence sharpening their political outlook.

Uplifted/ recognised the dignity of Africans by forbidding films that undermined them.

India worked hand in hand with African politicians (elite) eg Jomo Kenyatta.

It attended the Bandung conference in 1955 hence it was one of the founders of the Non- Aligned Movement.

India remained in the Commonwealth and used the body to demand for African freedom.

It also became a UNO member state hence through the body it put pressure on colonialists to leave Africa.

Other factors. Japan's independence achievement in the 1860's its effects.

The Vietnam War of independence of 1947-54. Indonesia's independence.

The victory of communism in China.

The excesses of colonialism in Africa.

The role of Africans in Diaspora. The existence of independent African states etc

7. Assess the role of African elite in the decolonisation of Africa

Definition of decolonisation and African elite. Explain the role of the elite vis-a-vis other factors on the decolonisation of Africa. Standpoint

African elite were a group of Africans who got colonial education either within Africa or both from Africa and abroad. They included Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Milton Obote of Uganda, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, Nelson Mandela of South Africa, Robert Mugabe of Southern Rhodesia, Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika, Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe of West Africa, Eduardo Mondlane and Samora Machel of Mozambique, Augustine Neto of Angola, etc. The African elite did a great deal of work in the decolonisation of Africa. The elite were conversant with foreign languages. The elite exploited their experience abroad to demand for the independence of Africa.

The African elite, to help in the struggle for independence, also championed the formation of mass political parties. In the parties they recruited the masses for example the unemployed, trade unionists, ex-servicemen, businessmen lawyers and doctors among others. The elite identified with the disgruntled people.

The use of Gandhism was another role of the elite. The architect of this method was Mahatma Gandhi from India. Some used violence after failing to use peace effectively. Ben Bella in Algeria, Edwardo Mondlane and Samora Machel in Mozambique and Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe. The elite formed group solidarity.

They involved themselves in teamwork instead of operating on individual basis. They organised political rallies. They gathered many peasants in various places and sensitised them against colonialism.

The elite reacted sharply against the Italo-Ethiopian crisis. They reacted against the British and French after-thought of the Atlantic Charter issued in 1941.

The elite formed independent African churches.

Formation of OAU was majorly the work of African elite.

The elite participated in pre-independence elections.

At independence, the elite occupied vacant posts. They were handed over instruments of power and became the leaders of independent African countries.

Give other factors for the decolonisation of Africa. Conclude in your own interesting way.

8. "Colonial education was the primary factor in the demise of imperialism in Africa," Discuss.

Approach:

Define colonial education and imperialism. Analyse the role of colonial education and other factors in the destruction of imperialism in Africa. Standpoint required.

9. Assess the role of mass political parties in the decolonisation of Africa.

Preamble: Definition of mass political parties and decolonisation. Show the role of these parties and other factors in the decolonisation of Africa. Standpoint required

Mass political parties were political organizations formed by African Elites, involving various groups of people, on non-sectarian basis to achieve or fight for independence. Parties included CPP, MNC, UPC, PAIGC, SWAPO, ZANU, TANU. etc.

Parties identified with suffering masses. They then exploited peoples' grievances to make these people ready recruits into the independence movements.

Some parties used constitutional means to struggle for independence. In this respect, they used peaceful methods of fighting for independence.

Other parties used violence to fight imperialism in their countries.

Parties participated in organizing rallies. At public rallies, they sensitized peasants about the need for independence.

Mass political parties carried out economic and social reforms.

Parties embarked on massive recruitment of various groups of people into their independence movements.

Some parties appealed to or used international organizations to put pressure on colonialists.

Parties participated in constitutional debates.

Parties used joint action against colonialism.

Parties participated in pre-independence elections.

Mass political parties took over instruments of power from colonialists.

Give other factors that contributed to the decolonisation of Africa.