How the 1994 genocide took place in Rwanda
Beginning
on April 6, 1994, and for the next hundred days, up to 800,000 Tutsis
were killed by Hutu militia using clubs and machetes, with as many as
10,000 killed each day.
Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Central Africa, with just 7
million people, and is comprised of two main ethnic groups, the Hutu
and the Tutsi. Although the Hutus account for 90 percent of the
population, in the past, the Tutsi minority was considered the
aristocracy of Rwanda and dominated Hutu peasants for decades,
especially while Rwanda was under Belgian colonial rule.
Following independence from Belgium in 1962, the Hutu majority seized
power and reversed the roles, oppressing the Tutsis through systematic
discrimination and acts of violence. As a result, over 200,000 Tutsis
fled to neighbouring countries like Uganda and formed a rebel guerrilla
army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front.
In 1990, this rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President
Juvenal Habyalimana into signing an accord, which mandated that, the
Hutus and Tutsis would share power.
Ethnic tensions in Rwanda were significantly heightened in October 1993
upon the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye, the first popularly elected
Hutu president of neighboring Burundi.
A United Nations peacekeeping force of 2,500 multinational soldiers was
then dispatched to Rwanda to preserve the fragile cease-fire between
the Hutu government and the Tutsi rebels. Peace was threatened by Hutu
extremists who were violently opposed to sharing any power with the
Tutsis. Among these extremists were those who desired nothing less than
the actual extermination of the Tutsis. It was later revealed they had
even drawn up lists of prominent Tutsis and moderate Hutu politicians
to kill, should the opportunity arise.
In April 1994, amid ever-increasing prospects of violence, Rwandan
President Habyalimana and Burundi's new President, Cyprien Ntaryamira,
held several peace meetings with Tutsi rebels. On April 6, while
returning from a meeting in Tanzania, a small jet carrying the two
presidents was shot down by ground-fired missiles as it approached
Rwanda's airport at Kigali.
This photograph shows soldiers from the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in front of the Parliament Building in Kigali, Rwanda. Dominated by members of the Tutsi ethnic group, the RPF captured Kigali in 1994 during a civil war with the Rwandan Army, which was dominated by the Hutu ethnic group. The RPF established a new government and banned political parties judged to have participated in massacres during the civil war.
This photograph shows soldiers from the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) in front of the Parliament Building in Kigali, Rwanda. Dominated by members of the Tutsi ethnic group, the RPF captured Kigali in 1994 during a civil war with the Rwandan Army, which was dominated by the Hutu ethnic group. The RPF established a new government and banned political parties judged to have participated in massacres during the civil war.
Immediately after their deaths, Rwanda plunged into political violence
as Hutu extremists began targeting prominent opposition figures that
were on their death-lists, including moderate Hutu politicians and
Tutsi leaders.
The killings then spread throughout the countryside as Hutu militia,
armed with machetes, clubs, guns and grenades, began indiscriminately
killing Tutsi civilians. All individuals in Rwanda carried
identification cards specifying their ethnic background, a practice
left over from colonial days. These 'tribal cards' now meant the
difference between life and death.
The state inspired and organized slaughter of the Tutsi and moderate
Hutu in Rwanda was performed by hundreds of thousands of ordinary
citizens including even judges, human rights activists, doctors,
nurses, nuns, priests, friends and spouses of the victims.
Amid the onslaught, the small UN peacekeeping force was overwhelmed as
terrified Tutsi families and moderate politicians sought protection.
Among the peacekeepers were ten soldiers from Belgium who were captured
by the Hutus, tortured and murdered. As a result, the United States,
France, Belgium, and Italy all began evacuating their own personnel
from Rwanda.
However, no effort was made to evacuate Tutsi civilians or Hutu moderates. Instead, they were left behind entirely at the mercy of the avenging Hutu.
However, no effort was made to evacuate Tutsi civilians or Hutu moderates. Instead, they were left behind entirely at the mercy of the avenging Hutu.
Back at U.N headquarters in New York, the killings were initially
categorized as a breakdown in the cease-fire between the Tutsi and
Hutu. Throughout the massacre, both the U.N. and the U.S. carefully
refrained from labeling the killings as genocide, which would have
necessitated some kind of emergency intervention.
On April 21, the Red Cross estimated that hundreds of thousands of
Tutsi had already been massacred since April 6 - an extraordinary rate
of killing.
The U.N. Security Council responded to the worsening crisis by voting
unanimously to abandon Rwanda. The remainder of U.N. peacekeeping
troops were pulled out, leaving behind an only tiny force of about 200
soldiers for the entire country.
The Hutu, now without opposition from the world community, engaged in
genocidal mania, clubbing and hacking to death defenseless Tutsi
families with machetes everywhere they were found. The Rwandan State
radio, controlled by Hutu extremists, further encouraged the killings
by broadcasting non-stop hate propaganda and even pinpointed the
locations of Tutsis in hiding. The killers were aided by members of the
Hutu professional class including journalists, doctors and educators,
along with unemployed Hutu youths and peasants who killed Tutsis just
to steal their property.
General Paul Kagame as a rebel commander in February 1994.
Many Tutsis took refugee in churches and mission compounds. These places became the scenes of some of the worst massacres. In one case, at Musha, 1,200 Tutsis who had sought refuge were killed beginning at 8 a.m. lasting until the evening. Hospitals also became prime targets as wounded survivors were sought out then killed.
General Paul Kagame as a rebel commander in February 1994.
Many Tutsis took refugee in churches and mission compounds. These places became the scenes of some of the worst massacres. In one case, at Musha, 1,200 Tutsis who had sought refuge were killed beginning at 8 a.m. lasting until the evening. Hospitals also became prime targets as wounded survivors were sought out then killed.
In some local villages, militiamen forced Hutus to kill their Tutsi
neighbors or face a death sentence for themselves and their entire
families. They also forced Tutsis to kill members of their own
families.
By mid May, an estimated 500,000 Tutsis had been slaughtered. Bodies
were now commonly seen floating down the Kagera River into Lake
Victoria.
Confronted with international TV news reports depicting genocide, the
U.N. Security Council voted to send up to 5,000 soldiers to Rwanda.
However, the Security Council failed to establish any timetable and
thus never sent the troops in time to stop the massacre. The killings
only ended after armed Tutsi rebels, invading from neighboring
countries, managed to defeat the Hutus and halt the genocide in July
1994. By then, over one-tenth of the population, an estimated 800,000
persons, had been killed.
National Movements and New States in Africa