The reaction to Apartheid
1. The African opposition to apartheid can be summarized below:
2. The use of diplomacy. This involved sending African representatives to London and the United Nations General Assembly to protest against the racist acts/laws.
3. The use of Ghandism. Between 1948-1960, Africans mainly applied peaceful methods to weaken apartheid.
4. Trade Union pressure. Most of the industrial strikes were organised by the COSATU.
5. The formation of political parties. These included the ANC and later the PAC.
6. The 1952 Defiance campaign. The ANC organised a campaign to defy the racist laws in South Africa.
7. The alliance between non-whites.
8. The alliance between races was followed by several demonstrations in 1956 and 57 but all were violently crushed.
9. The bus fare boycott. In 1959, Chief Albert Luthuli organised a boycott against the high bus fares in Alexandria township.
10. The formation of the PAC. In 1958, the youths within the ANC formed the Pan African Congress with an aim of speeding up the liberation of South Africa.
11. The use of critical writings. A number of novels magazines and newspaper articles were used to fight against apartheid.
12. The Sharpeville demonstrations and Massacres. In 1960, a joint ANC-PAC demonstration was organised to Sharpeville to protest against the passbook and other racist laws.
13. Then in 1961, the South African government banned both the ANC and PAC. Ghandism/peaceful methods had failed.
14. The turn to violence. In June 1961, the ANC led by Nelson Mandela formed the "Umkhonto We Sizwe".
15. The formation of the POQO. The PAC also formed a violent wing- the POQO (Let us go it alone).
16. The 1976 Soweto protests and massacres. When the South African government declared Afrikaans as the official language, African school children organised a protest at Soweto.
17. The growth of black consciousness:
18. Steve Biko's ideas largely influenced the Soweto students' Representative Council (SSRC) to organise the Soweto rising.
19. After the Soweto massacres, more and more students fled to Tanzania, Angola, and Algeria etc. for military training.
20. The return of ANC guerrillas. From 1978 onwards, a number of ANC guerrillas started returning to the country and carried out a number of brave acts of Sabotage.
2. The use of diplomacy. This involved sending African representatives to London and the United Nations General Assembly to protest against the racist acts/laws.
3. The use of Ghandism. Between 1948-1960, Africans mainly applied peaceful methods to weaken apartheid.
4. Trade Union pressure. Most of the industrial strikes were organised by the COSATU.
5. The formation of political parties. These included the ANC and later the PAC.
6. The 1952 Defiance campaign. The ANC organised a campaign to defy the racist laws in South Africa.
7. The alliance between non-whites.
8. The alliance between races was followed by several demonstrations in 1956 and 57 but all were violently crushed.
9. The bus fare boycott. In 1959, Chief Albert Luthuli organised a boycott against the high bus fares in Alexandria township.
10. The formation of the PAC. In 1958, the youths within the ANC formed the Pan African Congress with an aim of speeding up the liberation of South Africa.
11. The use of critical writings. A number of novels magazines and newspaper articles were used to fight against apartheid.
12. The Sharpeville demonstrations and Massacres. In 1960, a joint ANC-PAC demonstration was organised to Sharpeville to protest against the passbook and other racist laws.
13. Then in 1961, the South African government banned both the ANC and PAC. Ghandism/peaceful methods had failed.
14. The turn to violence. In June 1961, the ANC led by Nelson Mandela formed the "Umkhonto We Sizwe".
15. The formation of the POQO. The PAC also formed a violent wing- the POQO (Let us go it alone).
16. The 1976 Soweto protests and massacres. When the South African government declared Afrikaans as the official language, African school children organised a protest at Soweto.
17. The growth of black consciousness:
18. Steve Biko's ideas largely influenced the Soweto students' Representative Council (SSRC) to organise the Soweto rising.
19. After the Soweto massacres, more and more students fled to Tanzania, Angola, and Algeria etc. for military training.
20. The return of ANC guerrillas. From 1978 onwards, a number of ANC guerrillas started returning to the country and carried out a number of brave acts of Sabotage.
National Movements and New States in Africa