This was the greatest effect of abolishing slave trade. Legitimate trade can be defined as a legal trade which was established after abolishing slave trade. It dealt with material products like, clothes, ivory, coconuts among others and not human beings.

Slave trade can be defined as actual buying and selling of human beings while slavery is the absolute possession of human beings by another. The campaign against slave trade was started by Britain in 1807 and by 1833, it had been abolished because of economic conditions in Europe at the time as well as the activities of humanitarians like William Wilberforce, Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson and Henry Thomton to mention only a few.

In west Africa up to 1850, both slave trade and legitimate trade co-existed for example palm oil was continuously exported by the Calabar people while slaves were exported from Niger delta. By 1860s with the increase of mechanization in Europe, the demand for slaves had to drop drastically.

The major exports of legitimate trade in West Africa were palm oil from Calabar and Niger delta, palm Kermals and also palm wood from Sierra Leone. Groundnuts were introduced from Sene-gambia, Gold and Ivory from Gold Coast and Ivory Coast

AIMS FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF LEGITIMATE TRADE

a) Completely replace the slave activities.

b) To enhance the production of raw materials to feed European manufacturing industries.

c) Establishment of European strong markets for their manufactured goods.

d) Compensate the businessmen who had invested in abolished slave trade,

e) Provide work for freed slaves i.e. enslave them on their own land (Africa) in production ( raw materials.

PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN TRANSITION FROM SLAVE TRADE TO LEGITIMATE TRADE IN WEST AFRICA.

1. There arose a strong opposition from European countries such as Portugal and France whose economy still depended on African slave labour on their plantations. Besides the such countries wanted to industrialize just like Britain they used slaves before pro industrial sector could take off.

2. The crops suggested to replace slave trade such as rubber, cocoa, palm oil, could not grow in some places of west Africa. Palm oil and coconuts needed a long time to mature the the British expected. Therefore items for trade were in short supply at the start.

3. The emergence of financial problem; this came about as a result of;

· Paying for transport of available goods unlike before when slaves transported themselves to the coast.

· No immediate income from Legitimate Trade as these crops took long to mature.

· Lack of funds to compensate the slave traders for losing their most important source income.

4. Lack of correspondence in religion. The supporters of anti slavery movements - mostly Christians and yet West Africa was predominantly a Muslim state at least by 2nd half of the 19th century. They therefore hated the slwe trade abolitionists as considered them as infidels.

5. Social problems in Europe were worse than those in Africa, for example, there important social evils such as prostitution, under employment of workers, child labour Therefore, many Africans argued that Britain and all other slave trade abolitionists solve their problems in Europe first before intervening in slave trade activities in which made the exercise quite difficult.

6. The number of anti slavery manpower was small compared to a big area they controlling along the Atlantic ocean on the west African coastline. Therefore this group was often dodged by the slave traders making the whole exercise difficult in Africa.

7. In some West African societies such as Dahomey, slaves were acceptable by custom culture. It was part of their ways of life. Such societies had to forcefully contini slave trade despite of the measure that were put in place by the abolitionists in Africa-

8. The anti slavery patrol concentrated at the coast; for long time the British and other abolitionist had concentrated at the coast of West Africa leaving the interior unattended to. Therefore slavery had to continue inland. This was made worse by Britain which had no practical punishments put in place for those who insisted on slavery activities.

9. Slave dealers also adopted dodging tactics for example they hoisted the American flag on their slave vessels which made abolitionist to ignore them thinking that they were Americans who had got their independence from Britain and were not involved in slave trade activities.

10. Slave trade in West Africa was partly organized by top political officials such as kings and chiefs. This made it difficult to stop it. Moreover slave trade was a means Through which rulers would get rid of criminals from their societies for example chief Jaja ofOpobo sold some of his subjects into slavery.

11. Some slaves had got used to the life of slavery. They were not sure of making a living as free people. They were unskilled to be resettled in an independent life they .were therefore unwilling to break away from slavery in that when the campaign started, many slaves had to hide away in European surbubs fearing to be brought back to Africa.

12. Nevertheless the transition of legitimate trade came with its problem of enslaving Africans on their own land cultivating cash crops which they needed as raw materials in their industries in Europe. These crops were bought cheaply or exchanged with valueless European products for example mirrors, glasses, used clothes, etc which made Africans ask themselves lamenting questions such as; "To what extent was legitimate trade legitimate?"

EFFECTS OF LEGITIMATE TRADE IN WEST AFRICA.

The first and most important one was that instead of being a commodity, the African became a human being once again, with material and spiritual needs to be satisfied. However, this was followed by colonialism that took away social, political and economic independence of these Africans.

There was emergency of two classes of Africans following the increased commercial activities in Africa. For example, there was a middle class consisting of private traders and businessmen and a working class made up of people employed by various trading companies.

Many more trading firms mainly from Britain and France were attracted to West Africa. This resulted into rivalry and competition between the companies leading to the birth of one giant company known as Royal Niger Company (R.N.Co) which was a chartered company of the British origin,

Traders like missionaries also constantly appealed for home government protection to establish peace and order to break down the opposition of African middlemen, it was in response to such appeals that West Africa was occupied by the Uuropeins in the 19^th century.

Urbanization effect; following the growth of legitimate trade, many new trading ports and stations in the interior were established to accommodate the activities of Legitimate traders. These later grew into bigger towns, for example, Onitsha and Lokoja towns became famous in West Africa as a result of legitimate trade activities.

Enhanced the importation of European products and articles which changed the African way of life for example dressing, eating, housing among others. on the other hand, killed the development of African art and craft as once observed by Mamdan Mahmood when he said that, "An African entered colonialism with a hoe he had made himself and came out with an imported one".

Led to introduction of new economic systems in West Africa for example West African economy became monetised with introduction of new currencies, banking system, credit facilitation. This broke away the traditional use of barter system.

Due to the need of transporting goods inland and collecting raw materials; there were infrastmctural developments. A number of railway lines connecting West Africa and the interior to the coast, for example, a railway from Lagos reached Kano in 1911 in Nigeria, in Ghana (Gold. Coast) a railway line was established connecting Accra with Sekondi and Tarkwa in 1901 purposely for gold collection. In absence of such railway systems, seasonal feeder roads were established in resourceful areas of West Africa.

" New cash crops unknown before were introduced in West Africa to supplement the traditional kolanuts, rubber and palm oil. These included coffee and cotton the main raw materials needed by European powers in the era of industrial revolution.

It made West African chiefs and their subjects to change their living babbits, for example, slavery could no longer provide the principal source of revenue but instead changed to cash crops and minerals.

There came trade monopoly and competition divided between Africans and Europeans, for example, African native trading company was in stiff competition with French trading firms and British firms like Liverpool and Manchester. To beat off other firms , George Goldie organised all British firms in West Africa and formed one giant Royal "Niger company that traded and colonised a big part of West Africa for British.

Legitmate trade left West African economies tied to those of Europe in a permanent dependency as they determined the nature of West African products and their prices and at the same time determined the type of manufactured goods to be imported with their prices to West Africans. This situation has incidentally persisted to stay even in Neo-colonial Africa,

Revision questions.

1. Discuss the problems that were encountered in transition from slave trade to legitimate trade. How were they solved?

2. Why was slave trade abolished and what were the effects of its abolition?

THE 19^TH CENTURY JIHADS

1.Discuss the general causes of the 19^th Century Jihads in West Africa.

2.Do you agree that the 19^th Century Jihads in Sudan were purely religious movements?

3.“A war for political domination in the guise of a movement for religion reform”. Comment on this view of Uthman Dan Fodio Jihad (Sokoto)

4.Describe the religions movements led by Seku Ahmadu and Alhajji-Umar in Western Sudan and show the extent to which they were influenced by the Sokoto Jihads.

5.Discuss the importance of the 19^th Century Jihads in West Africa.